常见的web应用服务器有哪几种类型

常见的Web应用服务器

Web应用服务器是一种专门用于处理HTTP请求和提供动态网页内容的软件，它们通常部署在互联网上，为最终用户提供网站和Web应用程序，以下是一些常见的Web应用服务器：

1、Apache Tomcat

Apache Tomcat是一个开源的、免费的Java Servlet容器，实现了Java Servlet和JavaServer Pages(JSP)技术规范，它是一个轻量级的应用服务器，适用于中小型项目和嵌入式系统，Tomcat采用EJB(Enterprise JavaBeans)技术实现分布式计算，支持将一个Web应用部署到多个Tomcat实例上。

2、Nginx

Nginx是一个高性能的HTTP和反向代理服务器，也是一个IMAP/POP3/SMTP代理服务器，Nginx最初是由Igor Sysoev为俄罗斯访问量第二的Rambler.ru站点开发的，Nginx以其高性能、低资源消耗和丰富的功能而受到广泛关注，它可以作为静态文件服务器、反向代理服务器、负载均衡器等。

3、Microsoft IIS

Microsoft IIS(Internet Information Services)是一个由微软开发的Web服务器软件，IIS支持多种编程语言，如ASP、PHP、CGI等，IIS具有丰富的功能，包括URL重写、SSL/TLS加密、动态内容处理等，IIS广泛应用于Windows操作系统下的企业级Web应用。

4、Jetty

Jetty是一个用Java编写的开源Web服务器和Servlet容器，它提供了一种简单的方法来运行Java Web应用程序，同时还支持其他编程语言，如Python、Perl等，Jetty具有高性能、可扩展性和易于配置的特点，适用于各种规模的项目。

5、GlassFish

GlassFish是一个完全兼容Java EE标准的开源应用服务器，它提供了一个完整的Java EE环境，包括Java Servlet、JavaServer Pages(JSP)、JavaServer Faces(JSF)等技术，GlassFish支持多种部署模型，如独立模式、集群模式等，适用于大型企业和云应用。

选择Web应用服务器的因素

在选择Web应用服务器时，需要考虑以下几个因素：

1、性能：Web应用服务器的性能直接影响到用户体验，需要选择一个具有高性能的服务器，以确保网站和Web应用程序能够快速响应用户请求。

2、资源消耗：Web应用服务器的资源消耗会影响到系统的稳定性和可扩展性，需要选择一个资源消耗较低的服务器，以降低硬件成本和维护难度。

3、功能丰富：不同的Web应用场景可能需要不同的功能支持，需要选择一个具有丰富功能的服务器，以满足项目需求。

4、易用性和可扩展性：Web应用服务器的易用性和可扩展性对于开发人员和运维人员来说非常重要，需要选择一个易于使用和扩展的服务器。

5、技术支持和社区活跃度：选择一个有良好技术支持和活跃社区的Web应用服务器，可以在遇到问题时得到及时的帮助和解决方案。

如何安装和配置Web应用服务器

以Apache Tomcat为例，介绍如何安装和配置Tomcat服务器。

1、下载Tomcat安装包

访问Tomcat官网(https://tomcat.apache.org/),下载适合你操作系统的Tomcat安装包，如果你使用的是Linux操作系统，可以下载tar.gz格式的安装包；如果你使用的是Windows操作系统，可以下载zip格式的安装包。

2、解压安装包

将下载好的安装包解压到一个目录下，/opt/tomcat，可以使用以下命令解压：

tar -zxvf apache-tomcat-9.0.xx.tar.gz -C /opt/tomcat

3、配置环境变量(可选)

为了方便使用Tomcat命令行工具，可以将其添加到环境变量中，编辑/etc/profile文件，添加以下内容：

export CATALINA_HOME=/opt/tomcat/apache-tomcat-9.0.xx
export PATH=$PATH:$CATALINA_HOME/bin

保存文件后，执行以下命令使配置生效：

source /etc/profile

4、启动Tomcat服务器

进入Tomcat的bin目录，执行以下命令启动Tomcat服务器：

./startup.sh

如果一切正常，你应该可以看到类似以下的输出信息：

Using CATALINA_BASE: /opt/tomcat
Using CATALINA_HOME: /opt/tomcat/apache-tomcat-9.0.xx
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /opt/tomcat/temp
Using JRE_HOME: <path_to_jre> (the location of your Java Runtime Environment executables)
Using CLASSPATH: <path_to_your_classes> (the location of your compiled classes, generated web applications, and JAR files)
Tomcat initialized with port(s): 8080 (http)
Starting Tomcat version X.X.X ... (waiting for startup completion) ... (Started Tomcat X.X.X) in X seconds (JVM running for X ms) from X configuration file ... (Standard service started; processing of web.xml file started) ... (Webapp [context path] ready in X seconds over X requests) ... (Processing of web application [context path] finished in X milliseconds)...... (Tomcat X is running on X threads)...... (Connector[s] started with help from VirtualHost configuration)...... (Administrator password is not set -access will be granted to any user that can read the server log files)...... (Tunnel connection established)!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!...... (The end of the startup message) ... (Starting service [with process id XXXXXX]) ... (The process ID is XXXXXX; process name is org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap start) ... (The server built using a template) ... (The templates have been loaded) ... (Successfully processed URL) ... (The server was successfully started or has already been stopped) ... (The server has been stopped in X seconds at address [host]:port)...... (The server has been stopped in X seconds at address [host]:port). The server was stopped as part of an application restart or during startup or shutdown of the host system or network environment...... (The server has been stopped in X seconds at address [host]:port). The server was stopped as part of an application restart or during startup or shutdown of the host system or network environment...... (The server has been stopped in X seconds at address [host]:port). The server was stopped as part of an application restart or during startup or shutdown of the host system or network environment...... (The server has been stopped in X seconds at address [host]:port). The server was stopped as part of an application restart or during startup or shutdown of the host system or network environment...... ... (Waiting for connections on port [number])...... (A non-privileged user cannot connect to the administrator console)...... (A non-privileged user cannot connect to the administration console using SQL*Net authentication)...... (A non-privileged user cannot connect to the administration console using SSL/TLS authentication)...... (A non-privileged user cannot connect to the administration console using Kerberos authentication)...... (A non-privileged user cannot connect to the administration console using SPNEGO authentication)...... (A non-privileged user cannot connect to the administration console using NTLM authentication)...... (A non-privileged user cannot connect to the administration console using form login authentication)...... (A non-privileged user cannot connect to the administration console using digest authentication)...... ... (No processes found listening on port [number])...... ... (Use --server= option to specify alternate config location or use jvm options to configure memory settings) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... To stop this server enter:<Ctrl-C> OR <Ctrl-D> OR <Ctrl-Z> Then try starting again with the <Ctrl-C> command in your terminal window. Press any key to continue . . . Please wait while we gather status information about your installation and verify that everything is working properly before proceeding further if necessary. Thank you for using Apache Tomcat. For more information please visit our website at http://tomcat.apache.org/ or contact us at support@apache.com if you need assistance with this installation or any other problem you are facing while using Tomcat. Starting service in debug mode, using default configuration: Server default web app directory: [path_to_webapps]Server base dir: [path_to_catalina]Server config dir: [path_to_conf]Server war directory: [path_to_webapps]Server temp directory: [path_to_temp]Please see server logs for detailed information on what happened during startup and why this server did not start correctly. You can find server logs at [logs][path_to_logs]. Starting service in debug mode, using default configuration: Server default web app directory: [path_to_webapps]