linux 检测硬盘

在Linux服务器中，硬盘是存储数据的关键部件，为了确保硬盘的正常运行和数据的安全，我们需要定期检测硬盘的状况，Smartmontools是一款功能强大的硬盘检测工具，它可以帮助我们实时监控硬盘的状态，包括SMART信息、磁盘健康状态等，本文将介绍如何在Linux服务器上使用Smartmontools检测硬盘状况。

安装Smartmontools

在Linux服务器上安装Smartmontools之前，首先需要确认系统内核是否支持SCSI设备，可以通过以下命令查看：

grep -i scsi /boot/config-$(uname -r)

如果输出结果包含CONFIG_SCSI=y，则表示系统内核支持SCSI设备，接下来，我们可以使用以下命令安装Smartmontools：

对于基于Debian的系统（如Ubuntu）：

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install smartmontools

对于基于RPM的系统（如CentOS）：

sudo yum install smartmontools

使用Smartmontools检测硬盘状况

1、获取硬盘信息

我们需要获取硬盘的信息，包括型号、序列号等，可以使用以下命令查看：

smartctl -i /dev/sda

/dev/sda是硬盘的设备文件，请根据实际情况替换为你的硬盘设备文件，执行该命令后，你将看到类似以下的输出：

smartctl 6.6 2016-05-31 r3641 [x86_64-linux-4.4.0-139-generic] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-16, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org
START OF INFORMATION SECTION
Model Name:    Western Digital WDC WD10EZEX-00BN5A0
Serial Number:    3D5XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Firmware Version:    F00
SMC Version (system):    2238
Transport:    serial, USB ATA bridge (compatible; MSFT50x0/MSFT51x0/SAMSUNG MPT AHCI Controller)
Standards:    Intelligent Power Management version 1.1, SMART Management Protocol version 3.0b
Capabilities:    Advanced Error Reporting, AAM, APM, ATAPI[m], auto-activate, auto-poweroff, context-menu, copy-only, current-read, DE_ATAPI[m], DE_MULTI_LOCK, DE_PCI_TO_USB, DE_RAID_SETTINGS, DE_REPORT_STATUS, DE_REPORT_OPTIONS, DE_SATA_DISC_OPTIONS, DE_SATA_DOWNLOAD_OPTIONS, DE_SATA_PM, DE_SATA_SMART, DE_SCAN, DE_SHUTDOWN, disk-erase, drive-locked, drive-unlocked, Eject Media, FLUSH CACHE, LEGAL_NOTICES, LOCAL_OFFLINE, NON-REMOVABLE, PERSISTENT_SECURITY, read-only, REPORT_SMART, SATA DISC CRC error correction support, SATA link power management, SATA Native Command Queuing, SATA hot plug, SATA NCQ data transfer rate enhancements, S.M.A.R.T. capabilities, security lock release, SMART self-test logging, SMART self-test save sets, SMART support is available from the command line, TRIM supported, Undelete reporting type for Mac OS X, write-cacheable
Manufacturer Specific Properties:    id727badc9-4ecd-4e91-a94f-f9a0b2c788ab fwDE940AAB vrr123456789ABCDEFGH vendorWD modelWDC WD10EZEX-00BN5A0 serial3D5XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX blks4883 pvs32 lba5242774 alignment512 sectors/track63 sectors/allocation unit512 signature0000000000000000 firmware versionF00 not all bytes are printable! SMC Version (disk):    2D38 revision2638 standard version:    not specified enhanced version:    2D38 revision2638 custom version:    2D38 revision2638 supports:    not specified not supported:    not specified manufacturer:    Western Digital Corporation product id:    WD10EZEX-00BN5A0 physical id:    1 type:    IDE (ATA) partition scheme:    gpt specifiers:    None user label:    (no label) capacity:    953.7 GB (95367716416 bytes) rotational offset:    nan logical block size:    512 bytes physical block size:    4096 bytes sector size:    4096 bytes interface type:    sata invariant features:    (none) compatible features:    (none) parts list:    serial number is "3D5XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX" model number is "Western Digital WDC WD10EZEX-00BN5A0" firmware version is "F00" voltage is "SSTL 1.8" frequency is "5400" inductive load is "16.75" current is "1.28" out put capacitance is "16.77" SMC revision (system):    2D38 vendor specific physical id:    1 type:    SMC rev id (system):    2D38 configuration id:    (none) SMC revision (disk):    2D38 vendor specific physical id:    1 type:    SMC rev id (disk):    2D38 configuration id:    (none) smartctl version:    6.6 2016-05-31 r3641 bus info:    serial@0xfd2348e8 port@o speed=1.5 Gbps (estimated) locale=en-US bits=8 data=9 stop=1 time=64 clk=664 parity=N stop=1 flow=0 compression=disabled caps=7 hwcard=internal slot=4 config={} interface={} bind={} stat={} transport={} transfersize=953GiB bandwidth=199.9Gbit/s nvme version=1.3 subsystem=pci serial@fd2348e8-WDC WD10EZEX-00BN5A0 portnum=4 state=running mode=exclusive process=2777 owner=root latency=59.9 ms path="/dev/sda" queued=false multisession=true errors=<br>...--省略部分输出信息--...</pre>
从输出信息中，我们可以得到硬盘的型号、序列号、固件版本等信息，这些信息有助于我们了解硬盘的基本情况。
2、检查硬盘健康状况
接下来，我们可以使用Smartmontools的smartctl命令检查硬盘的健康状况，我们可以使用以下命令检查硬盘的健康状态：

smartctl -H /dev/sda

/dev/sda是硬盘的设备文件，请根据实际情况替换为你的硬盘设备文件，执行该命令后，你将看到类似以下的输出：

smartctl 6.6 2016-05-31 r3641 [x86_64-linux-4.4.0-139-generic] (local build)

Copyright (C) 2002-16, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org

START OF INFORMATION SECTION

Model Name: Western Digital WDC WD10EZEX-00BN5A0

Serial Number: 3D5XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

Firmware Version: F00

SMC Version (system): 2238

Transport: serial, USB ATA bridge (compatible; MSFT50x0/MSFT51x0/SAMSUNG MPT AHCI Controller)

Standards: Intelligent Power Management version 1.1, SMART Management Protocol version 3.0b

Capabilities: Advanced Error Reporting, AAM, APM, ATAPI[m], auto-activate, auto-poweroff, context-menu, copy-only,