使用预编译语句和参数化查询,避免拼接SQL字符串,提高性能和安全性。
优化SQL拼接流程可以提高查询性能和代码可读性,以下是一些建议和小标题,以及相应的单元表格:
1、使用参数化查询
参数化查询可以防止SQL注入攻击,同时提高查询性能,在Python中,可以使用psycopg2
库来实现参数化查询。
import psycopg2 连接到数据库 conn = psycopg2.connect(database="testdb", user="postgres", password="password", host="127.0.0.1", port="5432") cur = conn.cursor() 定义参数 name = "张三" age = 25 执行参数化查询 cur.execute("SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = %s AND age = %s", (name, age)) 获取查询结果 rows = cur.fetchall() 关闭连接 cur.close() conn.close()
2、使用预编译语句
预编译语句可以提高查询性能,因为它们只需要解析一次,在Python中,可以使用sqlite3
库来实现预编译语句。
import sqlite3 连接到数据库 conn = sqlite3.connect("test.db") cur = conn.cursor() 定义参数 name = "张三" age = 25 创建预编译语句 stmt = "SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = ? AND age = ?" cur.execute(stmt, (name, age)) 获取查询结果 rows = cur.fetchall() 关闭连接 cur.close() conn.close()
3、使用ORM框架
ORM(对象关系映射)框架可以将数据库表映射到Python类,从而简化SQL拼接过程,在Python中,可以使用SQLAlchemy
库来实现ORM。
from sqlalchemy import create_engine, Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship, sessionmaker 创建数据库引擎和会话工厂 engine = create_engine("sqlite:///test.db") Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine) session = Session() 定义数据模型基类和用户模型类 Base = declarative_base() class User(Base): __tablename__ = "users" id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) name = Column(String) age = Column(Integer) address_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("addresses.id")) address = relationship("Address", back_populates="user") def __repr__(self): return f"<User(name='{self.name}', age={self.age})>" class Address(Base): __tablename__ = "addresses" id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) email = Column(String) user_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("users.id")) user = relationship("User", back_populates="address") def __repr__(self): return f"<Address(email='{self.email}')>"
4、使用存储过程和函数
存储过程和函数可以提高查询性能,因为它们只在数据库服务器上执行一次,在Python中,可以使用psycopg2
库来调用存储过程和函数。
import psycopg2 from psycopg2 import sql, extras, functions, adapters, Error as Psycopg2Error, extensions, connect, register_adapter, AsIs, NamedTupleAdapter, RowProxyAdapter, dict_adapter, text_adapter, binary_adapter, DateAdapter, NumericAdapter, UnicodeAdapter, BINARY, VARBINARY, JSONB, ARRAY, OID, FLOAT4, FLOAT8, DECIMAL, NUMERIC, MONEY, REAL, SMALLINT, SPATIAL, CIDR, INET, MACADDR, REFCURSOR, CSTRING, ANYARRAY, ANYELEMENT, ANYNONARRAY, ANYNULLARRAY, ANYENUM, ANYRANGE, ANYSET, ANYJSONB, ANYMIXEDCASETYPE, ANYUUID, ANYPATH, ANYMACADDRESS, ANYCIDRCOMPRESSED, ANYBITARRAY, ANYJSONOBJECTREFERENCES, ANYJSONBOBLEARRAYREFERENCES, ANYJSONPATHREFERENCES, ANYJSONQUERYREFERENCES, ANYJSONVALUEREFERENCES, ANYJSONSERIALIZABLEREFERENCES, ANYJSONDOCUMENTREFERENCES, ANYJSONARRAYREFERENCES, ANYJSONOBJECTREFERENCESREFERENCES, ANYJSONBOBLEARRAYREFERENCESREFERENCES, ANYJSONPATHREFERENCESREFERENCES, ANYJSONQUERYREFERENCESREFERENCES, ANYJSONVALUEREFERENCESREFERENCES, ANYJSONSERIALIZABLEREFERENCESREFERENCES, ANYJSONDOCUMENTREFERENCESREFERENCES, ANYJSONARRAYREFERENCESREFERENCESREFERENCES, ANYJSONOBJECTREFERENCESREFERENCESREFERENCES, ANYJSONBOBLEARRAYREFERENCESREFERENCESREFERENCES, ANYJSONPATHREFERENCESREFERENCESREFERENCES, ANYJSONQUERYREFERENCESREFERENCESREFERENCES, ANYJSONVALUEREFERENCESREFERENCESREFERENCES, ANYJSONSERIALIZABLEREFERENCESREFERENCESREFERENCES, ANYJSONDOCUMENTREFERENCESREFERENCESREFERENCESREFERENCES, ANYJSONARRAYREFERENCESREFERENCESREFERENCESREFERENCES; register_adapter(dict_adapter); register_adapter(text_adapter); register_adapter(binary_adapter); register_adapter(DateAdapter); register_adapter(NumericAdapter); register_adapter(UnicodeAdapter); register_adapter(NamedTupleAdapter); register_adapter(RowProxyAdapter); register_adapter(AsIs); register_adapter(extensions); register_adapter(extras); register_adapter(functions); register_adapter(adapters); register_adapter(psycopg2); register_fallback_adapter(); # 连接到数据库conn = psycopg2.connect(database="testdb", user="postgres", password="password", host="127.0.0.1", port="5432")cur = conn.cursor() # 调用存储过程和函数cur.callproc('get_user_by_name', [name]) # 获取查询结果rows = cur.fetchall() # 关闭连接cur.close()conn.close()```
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